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V. APOD DETENTIONS ARBITRARY: In the previous installment of our discussion, we've reached tentative conclusions that the government may have been holding those refugees without having any set agendas and legitimate purposes. In so doing, the government might also used s 196 as an excuse, in direct analogy to AJL20[#1] case, that these APOD refugees are being held "... until such time.." as their removal from Australia can take place. In so far as our discussions on APODs are concerned, they're more theoretical and rather "dry" because little connection to real political events.

In Australia, there have been a marked increase in the use of emergency powers by the Executive: From Bushfire Crisis to COVID-19 public health emergencies (Morrison); Offshore Detention Regime 2012-2015 (Abbott); GFC Management 2008 (Rudd) and setting up of Offshore Detention Centres and signing of MOUs with Nauru/PNG 2011-2012 by (Rudd/Gillard) and, of course, that infamous Tampa Crisis 2001 (Howard). In a way, such emergency executive powers had been used by all political leaders.

re: Resettlement for refugees on Manus Island of Papua New Guinea

Dear Prime Minister Trudeau: I am U Ne Oo, an Australian Citizen of Burma origin living in Sydney. I am writing to the Hon Prime Minister Trudeau, through the Office of the High Commission of Canada in Canberra, for your kind help in regards to asylum-seekers detained by the Australian Government for past six years. There are approximately about 450 such individuals on Manus Island, who were severely trumatised from the long-term detainment and by the deprivation of personal liberties.

(i) In 2008, the High Court of Australia upheld the first ever slavery convictions against Wei Tang, the owner of a licensed brothel in Melbourne known as Club 417. Wei Tang, a Chinese immigrant, was found employing five alien sex workers imported from Thailand. She has been at the receiving end of a trafficking syndicate (here after "the syndicate"), of which these Thai sex workers were brought into Australia under various guises. A Thai woman, named only as DS, was one of the members of the trafficking syndicate (not the focus of the court proceedings) who recruited these sex workers.

Labor, Liberal and Mandatory Detention Policy: Recently, we -- the general public -- were "educated" by the mass media here in Australia that the Labor party was the initiator of mandatory detention policy . True, Paul Keating's Labor government had started mandatory detention policy for boatpeople. I can still remember the 'heat' about asylum-seekers debate at that time in 1990s. For the record, I applied for (onshore) refugee status in 1992, which was granted in 1993.